A new report from the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt, FFI) highlights multi-domain operations (MDO) as a crucial concept for strengthening military superiority in future conflicts. Through simulation and experimentation, Norway aims to prepare for an operational landscape where land, air, sea, space, and cyber domains interact seamlessly.
According to FFI, MDO requires the Armed Forces to utilise their resources seamlessly and simultaneously across all domains. The goal is to create local superiority in time and space through coordinated operations.
– It is not about the sum of forces within each domain, but about operations in one domain enhancing the effect in others, says Per-Idar Evensen, chief researcher at FFI's Defence Systems Division, in the press release.
In the report Simulation of multi-domain operations for experimentation and analysis – requirements and available tools, researchers assert that today's tools are insufficient to model the interactions between domains. For example, current systems can simulate individual domains, such as air or sea, but lack functionality to show how a cyberattack affects sensors on a ship or how space-based systems alter a soldier's situational awareness.
– We need to develop tools capable of handling data flow and effects in real-time, especially from the cyber and space domains. Human reaction capability is likely not sufficient, says Evensen.
MDO is also highlighted as a response to so-called “stand-off” – when an enemy attempts to keep one's forces outside the range of effectiveness. By combining cyber, space, air, and ground resources, such a barrier can be broken.
The report also describes the increasing role of AI and autonomous systems. However, Evensen emphasises that humans should continue to have control over decisions involving lethal force.
– We are not moving towards “automatic war”. Technology should support, not replace humans, he says.
FFI's ambition is for Norway to be able to lead and participate in multi-domain operations, as well as contribute to NATO's development in this area. The researchers particularly highlight Norway's advantages in sensor technology, intelligence gathering, and cyber competence in demanding environments.
– We are building experience and technology that will transition MDO from a research field to a defence reality, says Evensen.